Infidelity Essay - 1644 Words

The topic I decided to write about is infidelity in marriages. I thought this would be a good topic because infidelity has psychology and culture intersect together. Infidelity is attributed to psychology because this is something from each person, it only depends on each one to decide whether cheat or not. In contrast, infidelity is also attributed to culture, infidelity will have a different meaning in every part of the world. Maybe this will be described as an accepted or unaccepted behavior in a society. Furthermore, there is cultures in which the husband is allowed to have more than one wife, and he will treat than equally and do the same things for all wives. However, for many other cultures this would be considered infidelity†¦show more content†¦The first thing that comes on mind when talking about infidelity is the partner having sexual intercourse with a person from the outside of the relationship, but this is not only resumed on that. In alyssa siegel article, she describes infidelity â€Å"I define infidelity as any action that violates an implicit or explicit agreement between two people, thereby undermining the relationship. The action may be physical or emotional in nature†. (Siegel, 2013) Of course sexual intercourse is the worst someone can do against to the spouse, but infidelity is beyond more. It can be considered infidelity just the â€Å"desire† for another person, a kiss, chatting with someone but having intentions behind it or it can even be something emotional. For example, the husband or wife having feelings for another person instead of their actual partner. Infidelity is something that happens a lot and I very different ways. Consequently, this high rate comes along with the facilitation and better opportunities that we have today. Network and social media play a big role, it help everybody’s lives. We have faster access to the world and we communicate better with others. However, it brings out new and e asy opportunities for cheating. Evangelos Siozios mentioned â€Å"It’s 2014, and apps such as OkCupid and Tinder exist. Today, â€Å"swiping,† has erased the formal face to face contact typical to traditional relationship notions. With a flick of a finger one can generate an obscene amountShow MoreRelated Infidelity Essay1261 Words   |  6 Pages In today’s society, infidelity is one of the leading causes of marital disruption and divorce. In accordance with societal norms many myths have been associated with infidelity. The following myths and their effects on marriage will be discussed: Everyone has affairs, the affair is the direct result of the faithful mate and, the marriage must end in divorce. In examining the various myths, this paper will challenge the greater issue, can marriage survive infidelity?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There was aRead MoreParental Infidelity Essay1717 Words   |  7 Pages  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The discovery of infidelity in a relationship is heartbreaking. Between partners, trust is damaged, loyalty is broken, and love is questioned. The act of infidelity can bring about a range of emotions such as anger, disappointment, sadness, and sometimes shock. The betrayed partner is not the only one unfortunate enough to experience this level of despair. Children are impacted as well by parental infidelity, but are mostly left to the wayside in dealing with the aftermath. TheyRead MorePsychology and Infidelity Liberty University Essay2627 Words   |  11 PagesEmotional and Sexual Infidelity Liberty University ABSTRACT There are many ways in which infidelity can be explained depending on what you are reading or with whom you are speaking. Emotional and sexual infidelity is the two most studied forms of infidelity. The cognitive approach to infidelity explains that as our cognition is developing, we are also indirectly learning behaviors that could contribute to infidelity as adults. Infidelity no matter what the circumstances are surrounding itRead MoreInfidelity, Unfaithfulness, and Modesty in Betrayal Essay1935 Words   |  8 PagesInfidelity, unfaithfulness, and modesty outline the surface of the play Betrayal written by Harold Pinter. From afar the relationships between the trio of characters seems normal but; when taking a deeper look, the correlations are noticeably dysfunctional. The three main characters, Emma, Jerry and Robert interact kindly, never seem to interrupt one another, ask innocent questions and do not, generally, inspect over much the answers. They help each other over t he occasional awkward moments andRead MoreInfidelity: Marriage and Current Relationship Standings Essay1157 Words   |  5 Pages Internal Look into Infidelity and the Outcomes Infidelity can happen at the blink of an eye, especially if a person is not aware of their current relationship standings with their partner. A partner may display two types of infidelity, emotional and sexual. Each type of infidelity is seen differently by men and women on an opposite scale according to (Buss, Larsen, and Westen, 1996; Buss et al., 1992; Buunk et al., 1996; Trivers, 1972). The causes for infidelity are somewhat the same forRead MoreInfidelity Essay1538 Words   |  7 Pagessociety, is based on infidelity. Infidelity can destroy a relationship, because one or both partners may feel neglected in their relationship or marriage. Infidelity may be defined in three categories. â€Å"Infidelity research can be clustered in three broad categories: (a) infidelity as sexual intercourse, (b) infidelity as extra-dyadic sexual activities, and (c) infidelity as emotional betrayal† (Moller and Vossler, 2015). These categories allow a deeper understanding about infidel ity. For example, MollerRead MoreCauses Of Infidelity Essay1519 Words   |  7 Pages Infidelity: Why Do People Cheat? Introduction Infidelity is defined as the act or fact of having a romantic or sexual relationship with someone other than ones husband, wife, or partner (Merriam-Webster.com). Although, this is the standard definition of cheating, the subject can hold different meanings to different people. One may feel betrayed by their significant other when only an emotional connection is made with someone outside of the marriage, while another person mayRead MoreInfidelity and Confidentiality: A Dilema for Therapists Essays1399 Words   |  6 Pages Counseling couples who are attempting to overcome the betrayal of infidelity together pose a unique challenge to most therapists. In addition, a couple where one spouse admits to an affair to the therapist without their spouse’s knowledge can be equally distressing to said counselor. What are the ethical concerns regarding this scenario? In one case we are keeping our client’s confidences, building trust and following all ethical codes of confidentiality. In another case, weRead MoreInfidelity Causing Marital Breakdown Essay1156 Words   |  5 Pageswhether or not infidelity is the leading issue for marital breakdowns or if it is just another factor. Many may believe that infidelity only occurs in superficial relationships and in the media, but infidelity is right in your own back yard. Emotional infidelity, when put next to physical infidelity can be more painful and hurtful to a marriage, and make things worse because physical is quite often tied in with the emotional infidelity (â€Å"Truth about Deception,† n.d.) . If emotional infidelity can makeRead MoreThe Failure Of Leadership And How It Can Affect A Nation A Story About Othello854 Words   |  4 PagesThe failure of leadership and how it can affect a nation a story about Othelloâ₠¬â„¢s strengths and his eventual fall from grace. This essay will focus Racism, Othello motivation, his marriage to his wife, and his downfall resulting in killing his wife as well as himself. This essay will paint a picture of how real this can be in real life regarding normal human beings who have leadership positions. Leaders will always be tested and will have to overcome obstacles to ensure success for their specific

Self Expression Essay - 1630 Words

Self Expression The American social environment has revolutionized the ways in which people express their sexual identity. Years ago it was taboo for a young lady to talk about sex or even arouse her interest about the topic. Sheltered under her parents wings a girl was not given the opportunity to explore her sexuality. Parents molded their children in their image and did not allow them much choice or opportunity for diversity. It was not as socially acceptable for a young person to be allowed to express themselves through clothes, music or lifestyle as it is today. Stuart Ewen presents an excellent point in his article amp;#8220;First Impressions; about young people and how they have come to shape their own identity . Although this†¦show more content†¦Living under her motheramp;#8217;s control and following her every demand made Lorde a very sheltered and restrained child. She was deprived of the opportunity to go out and grow as an individual. Whenever she would try to break free from u nderneath her motheramp;#8217;s wings and venture off to do something on her own, her mother was quick to pull her back and bring her to her senses. Throughout her childhood, the only influence she had was from her mother. She did not have many friends growing up in New York and her older sisters did not even speak to her. Sheltered from social interaction, Lorde took on the characteristics of the only person she ever really grew to know, her mother. These characteristics helped form the basis for Lordeamp;#8217;s identity at such a vulnerable young age. For example, when Lorde speaks of running for class president to her mother, instead of supporting her, her mother replies amp;#8220;What the hell are you doing getting yourself involved with so much foolishness? amp;#8230;What-the-france do you need with election?amp;#8230;Donamp;#8217;t bother me with that nonsense. I donamp;#8217;t want to hear any more of it; (Lorde, 61). This is just one example of how Lordeamp;#8217;s mother c ontrolled and dominated her every decision. By putting negative ideas in to her head, her mother was basically able to brainwash her in to becoming exactly like her in manyShow MoreRelatedSelf Expression In The Awakening1505 Words   |  7 PagesPontellier’s journey to self-expression and personal happiness. Mrs. Pontellier has a moment of awakening, when she realizes that the way that she lives her life does not make her personally happy, and spends the rest of the novel trying to change her life for the better relentless of how the rest of the society will react to her decisions. This tension between outward conformity and the inward questioning present in the plot of The Awakening helps demonstrate Edna’s journey of self-expression. Mrs. PontellierRead MoreThe Expression Of Self Interest838 Words   |  4 Pages The expression of self-interest by an individual is to satisfy desires, being indifferent about how their actions affect others (Adams Maine, 1998). The lack of regard for the interests of others and the focus on one’s satisfaction or pleasure is narrow minded. People are so consumed in their own interest, much less to talk about the interest of others, which made Smith to put it this way, â€Å"Every man is, no doubt, by nature, first and principally recommended to his own care;Read MorePersonal Note On Self Expression975 Words   |  4 PagesSelf-expression Your studies have brought you to the point where you can actually exercise dominion over your affairs. We must not overlook the importance Holmes attributes to actually doing something to express this knowledge. While it is important that you know what to do, it is essential that you actually do it. Therefore, what you do must be an expression of you. It must be like you, for you to like doing it, and continue with it. It is important to your success that you are able to do whatRead MoreArt As A Form Of Self Expression1378 Words   |  6 PagesArt can be a form of self-expression and a way to communicate ideas and thoughts with other people. Each time when an art work is being viewed, a resonance between the art itself the viewer is created. Art allows the artists to express themselves and communicate with the world through their own imaginations and crafts. Artists has their own styles and they often use art crafts to blend colors to create incredible visual effects. Art is not always easy to understand. It can be a very literal representationRead MoreTattoos : Self Expression Or Approval?1624 Words   |  7 PagesTattoos: Self Expression or Approval? Ink that is normally used on paper is submerged into layers of my skin. While staring at the permanent feature, I wonder was this a way of me expressing myself using my body, or the approval of myself and others? At the age of fourteen, preteen girls are normally focused on buying the latest purses or shoes, but that was not the case for me. Throughout my first year of high school my mind was solely set on getting a tattoo. Being so young, my mother was veryRead MoreGraffit-Self Expression or Vandalism3377 Words   |  14 Pages[the story is being told]. Societal conceptions of urban graffiti are all over the map. While some view graffiti as the flourishing of urban art and expression, others view it as a sign of generational decay or a lack of respect for others property. After all, the people forced to view the graffiti didn t ask to see public displays of expression. According to the City of Calgary website, Graffiti is an eyesore that ruins the natural and architectural beauty of a city. But has the city ever consideredRead MoreSense Of Self : Expression Of Murder1907 Words   |  8 PagesAaron Espinosa 3/2/2015 English 221 Dr. Charles S. Adams Sense of Self: Expression of Murder The definition of what exactly is poetry is subjective and can only be defined by the poet or author that created it. The topics and themes of poetry usually revolve around on what the author finds most important to express or talk about in the society or country they live in. For the British and American Writers, there were many intricate subjects to express about in the Romanticism Period. RomanticismRead More Self-destructive Self-expression in The Yellow Wallpaper2529 Words   |  11 PagesSelf-destructive Self-expression in The Yellow Wallpaper      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In The Yellow Wallpaper, a story by Charlotte Perkins Gilman, the conflict centers around the protagonists inability to maintain her sanity in a society that does not recognize her as an individual. Her husband and brother both exert their own will over hers, forcing her to conform to their pre-set impression an appropriate code of behavior for a sick woman. She has been given a schedule prescription for each hour in the day;Read MoreEssay on Religion of Self-Expression994 Words   |  4 Pageslearned a great deal about Wicca, and I devoutly practice Wicca each and every day. There are multitudes of non-believers and some extremists that aim to harm Wiccans, but Wicca is not violent, or evil. Wicca is a beautiful, enthralling religion that is self- and nature-based and focuses on the journey of life through knowledge, wisdom, and exploration. The history of Wicca is odd because Wicca, unlike many other religions, does not go back thousands of years. Wicca is a New Age denomination that stemsRead MoreThe Expression Of Thoughts Of Self Harm By F41625 Words   |  7 Pagesof what was disclosed by F4. The expression of thoughts of self-harm by F4 put the facilitators in the very difficult position of having to not focus on an individual and to stay focused on the group as a whole. Though it is assumed that this is a difficult task for social workers in a general sense, I am of the opinion that when a potentially serious and/or a complex issue arise that it increases the difficulty. The group member that disclosed the thought of self-harm felt safe and connected, which

John Locke Persuasive Essay Example For Students

John Locke Persuasive Essay John Locke (1632-1704) is perhaps one of the most influential philosophers the world has ever seen. His writings became the basis of the eighteenth century enlightenment reason. Basil Willey describes Lockes influence as such, Locke stands at the end of the seventeenth century, and at the beginning of the eighteenth; his work is at once a summing-up of seventeenth century conclusions and the starting-point for eighteenth century enquiries. This man was consumed with his ideas of liberty, freedom, and natural or inalienable rights. He has been said to be, the Father of the American Revolution, which is thoroughly Lockean in its ideas nd emphases. Locke heavily influenced Voltaire, the French philosopher, as well as Rousseau, Jefferson, and Franklin. He is the locus of every liberal philosopher in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Thus, we see that Lockes influence is startling. An examination of his views on epistemology, religion, and church-state relations will be given, in their relation to the church and Christianity. Locke lived through some of the most tumultuous times in England, filled with religious squabbling, revolutions, and was himself the locus of philosophical and theological controversies. He triumphed his thoughts on eason as the final arbiter of truth and instigated some of the first ideas of critical interpretation of the Bible. He pioneered a simplistic Christian faith, over and against the scholastic Calvinism and Reformation theology of his day. Locke, while being a part of his historical context, was one of those few individuals who seemed to be a revolutionary figure in himself. The man himself was born August 29, 1632 in Wrington, a village of Somerset. He was born into a Puritan household. Lockes mother died when he was only 22 years of age. The knowledge on her is very scant, but Locke often referred to her as a very pious woman. Locke was raised in a very strict home, with his father exacting much discipline and authority. However, Locke seems to have quite respected his father. A friend, Lady Masham, recalls that Locke, never mentioned him but with great respect and affection. It was in this strict, Puritan home that Locke first became acquainted with ideas of religious liberty and mans inherent freedom. His father continually reminded him of the peoples right to an elected parliament. His father even fought in the Parliamentary army in the war of 1641, fought over the Kings right to impose taxes by executive order. Squadrito writes, Economic, religious, and political conflicts were primary topics of conversations in the Locke household. The influence that this early education had upon Lockes mature philosophical views was doubtless considerable. Lockes thought definitely had its beginnings at home, but he transcended this arena as well, for he would depart his homes conservative views on scripture and a typical theistic epistemology. Lockes formal education began at Westminster. He sharply criticized the harsh school environment and its intense program of classical philosophy and language (Greek, Latin, and Arabic) studies. He disparaged the loss of time at the school because of its hyper-intellectualism. He would later say that he had, lost a great deal of time at the commencement of his studies because the only philosophy then known at Oxford was the peripatetic, perplexed with obscure terms and useless questions. Locke would develop his common sense philosophical systems out of this environment. His philosophy would seem to be in much contrast to the overly obscure philosophy of classical writers and contemporaries. In 1656, Locke graduated with a Bachelor of Arts, focusing on such subjects as anguage, Aristotelian logic, metaphysics, history, astronomy, and natural philosophy. The seventeenth century is one of transition. As Kathleen Squadrito correctly notes, The intellectual climate of the age was beginning to shift away from superstition and tradition toward the newly founded authority of reason and experimentation. Locke was one of the main instigators of this change. Lockes philosophy developed out of a love for medicine and the natural sciences. In 1649, Locke joined an experimental philosophy club, whose purpose was to apply philosophy to the natural realm. Francis Bacon had already critiqued philosophy and medicine as needing a new foundation-empiricism. 8] Locke then began to work with Robert Boyle, the father of modern chemistry, and attended numerous medical lectures, although he himself did not attain a medical degree until 1674. Out of this rudimentary scientific method, Locke began questioning the epistemology of his age. It would lead him to questions, whose answers would be found in his book, An Essay concerning Human Understanding. It would begin to form his views of empiricism that would be so revolutionary. In 1667, John Locke would become an advisor for Ashley Cooper, later o become the Earl of Shaftesbury. His main jobs were of a political, economic, philosophic, and medical nature. This would be one of the most influential and productive periods of Lockes life. As Squadrito points out, The atmosphere of the home, in fact, provided him with a unique opportunity for research and for the study of medicine, economics, politics, and philosophy. Because of the multifaceted work that Locke was engaged in, the questions that began in medical school, would again manifest, prompting him to write his famous Essay concerning Human Understanding. The Essay was monumental in its task. For, the questions that prompted Lockes mind were of a monumental nature. Revelation, knowledge, and morality were all questions that Locke sought to investigate, critique, and find answers for. However, he correctly observed that we must first realize what man can know in order to understand what he ought to do. Locke reflects this when he stated: It came into my thoughts that we took a wrong course, and that before we set ourselves upon inquiries of that nature, it was necessary to examine our own abilities, and see what objects our understandings were, or were not, fitted to deal with. 11] It is Lockes theory of knowledge, while finding rudimentary expression in Hobbes and Bacon, that is given a systematic expression. The Progressive Era EssayEngland to Catholic princes and Papal authority, and the latter because their oaths would be suspect and could not be trusted. David McCabe describes Lockes position of limited toleration as such, But in cases where certain forms of worship threaten the civil order and tranquility of a society, the magistrate does have authority to intervene since the reasons for his intervention relate to the extrinsic effects of worship, not intrinsic value. Lockes views of church-state relations were quite revolutionary for his time. He was one of the primary authorities of the subject, and influenced all subsequent enlightenment philosophers. Unlike current liberal thinkers who are quite antithetical towards the church, Locke respected and admired the church as an agent of good. His concepts of the church are quite Anabaptist in the political sense. Locke states, A church then I take to be a voluntary society of men, joining themselves together of their own accord, in order to the public worshiping of God, in such a manner as they judge acceptable to Him, and effectual to the salvation of their souls. Lockes view of the church must be set in a context where the state and church are the two main institutions of the natural realm. The former protects the rights of its citizens, namely property and life, the latter teaches the way of salvation for mens souls. Each institution is proper to a civilized society and is essential to its well being. The issue of forcing citizens to a particular sect of Christianity was to Locke useless. For true religion is an inward conversion and belief, an outward conformity would do nothing to promote true religion. Lockes particular brand of Christianity was reductionist. He sought to eliminate much of the scholastic and confusing doctrines to a simplified form of religion based on belief in Christ as the messiah and living a ood, virtuous life. It is not hard to understand the appeal of reductionism in the face of continual religious wars in both England and abroad, and the constant bickering of partisan religious politics. Referring to the seventeenth English Deism, of which Locke is equated with (fairly or unfairly), A. H. Newman writes, It was a reaction against the religious mysticism and enthusiasm as these had been manifested among the religious sects of the seventeenth century in England. Conservative churchmen, who were steeped in Calvinist theological rigor, harshly criticized this simplified Christianity. For it made no mention of redestination, faith alone, grace alone, and numerous other theological nuances. Locke thought admirably and reverently of Jesus Christ. Locke thought of him as the second Adam who restored the lost things of the fallen man. However, Locke was not a believer in present eschatology, he believed that the gifts of immortality and bliss were conferred on the believer after death and during the resurrection. Christs miracles were seen as proof of his message and messiahship. Locke emphasized Christianitys moral component expressed in Christ and his message, as being truthful and in perfect agreement with reason. However, the church searching for its own legitimacy, criticized Locke. For if reason and natural revelation was all that was needed, then why Jesus Christ? What reason could be given for the religion of Christianity, if all that is needed is reason and its conclusions? Willey comments: Lockes reply, made in perfect good faith was that although for the wise and the virtuous nature and reason sufficiently evidence a deity, natural religion had never authority enough to prevail on the multitude, and a special revelational sanction was therefore required, which should be suited to vulgar capacities. For Locke, Christianity was not a new revelation or set of ideas but was an act by God to allow for the ignorant amongst us to be saved. While this may seem contemptuous, Locke himself was quite sincere, shown through his own pious life and admiration of religion, once attaining the position of Censor of Moral Philosophy at Christ Church in 1664. Indeed, he even thought about the priesthood (Anglican Church) as a career, but later rejected it because of his own controversial views. Christs act of salvation was seen as vastly merciful because God was providing a way for the less enlightened amongst man to be saved. God essentially came down to a lower level, so that we may enjoy the blessings of enlightened reason-a virtuous life and salvation of souls. John Locke was a man who both a part of his age and a revolutionary. What was started with Hobbes and Bacon, found fruition in John Locke. His ideas were to later start a transformation of thought across Europe. His views of society, in the separation of church and state, garnered him great respect and adversity from many people. Lockes contributions of reason in relation to Christianity are one of his greatest contributions (or downfalls depending). Kathleen Squadrito comments, Locke teaches us not to rely on authority in a blind way, to avoid superstition, to examine all issues in an impartial manner, to love truth and to seek it for its own sake, to admit our own weaknesses, and to employ our understanding for the advancement of knowledge in practical affairs. Lockes spirit of a free, benevolent, and rational humanity is what he brings forever to the bar of history and Christianity. Hopefully, we will never forget his spirit of thought, which while challenging the church and theology of his day, challenged it for the better, for the good.

Positive Accounting Theory Methods of the Hypothesis

Question: Discuss about the Positive Accounting Theoryfor Methods of the Hypothesis. Answer: Introduction The emergence and use of positive accounting research are highly debated and this is one of the major why this article is evaluated. The main aim of the paper is to shed light on the traits of human that is concerned with the usage of statistical and methods of the hypothesis (Dunmore, 2009). The theory of knowledge in regard to the application is highlighted and the pitfalls of the system of statistics such as development of models on a casual basis, improper reproduction to instil confidence in the findings because of low level of interest in the numerical parameters, etc (Fogarty Markarian, 2007). The main goal of the paper is to stress on the points that leads to deficiencies and they to vouch for alternative methods or enhancements that will lead to a strong positive accounting research. Summary of the Article The initiation of the paper begins with the evaluation of human being. The different shades of a human being in the different scenario are observed. Further, various other concepts are even discussed that plays a leading role in influencing the reason making capacity. It is seen that the acts, as well as practices are guided by a variety of factors. Hence, from the article, it is seen that the behavior of a human being is different in two different situations. This is the major point of research in positive accounting. It is correctly remarked that a man is guided by a rational point of view and the response of a person depends on according to the different scenario. Such behavior can be witnessed in more than 70% of the case. It is a well-known fact that accounting, as well as operations are tending to be technical in the scenario and hence, there is a sharp fall in the interaction of human beings. Moreover, with the due passage of time, everything is controlled with the help of system. Therefore, the dependency is more on the system and it has become really difficult to ascertain the rational objective of the human. Human behavior is guided by various aspects and hence difficult to adjudge. The assumption that has been taken into consideration debars the positive accounting research to make a strong contribution to the society. The results, as well as expectations, are important. The paper strives to enhance the effectiveness of the research by looking into the operation of the positive research and then providing some suggestions. Various examples have been posted by selecting research models. The statistical, as well as hypothesis tool, are needed to evaluate various situations and the manner in which the auditor reacts which is linked to the assumption of rationality (Francis, 2006). The end result of the hypothesis is in tune with the samples that are selected however, and hence the objective fails to be achieved. From the article, it comes to the forefront that the relationship cannot be ascertained with the help of two variables and requires more. The major requirement will be to evaluate the theories that compete with each other instead assessing a theory for the hypothesis. It is important to assess different theories as it becomes vital in ascertaining the status and shed light on the current pract ice. The paper aims to strive for an enhanced model that is serious in nature and specified on a higher level. Further, the methods need to be strong so that testing can be rigorous in nature. Moreover, testing should be free from any error and this can be possible when model is strong. Links of reliable nature needs to be prepared with proxies that will lead to a projection of strong linear link and development of measurement ideas. This projects a clear fact that research paper not only stresses on the concept of hypothesis alone. Further, it will create a better scenario for parameters forecast. Hence, it is imperative that new concepts should be developed that will ensure a refined research activity (Hopwood, 2007). The research will lead to better result if an extensive replica that confirms the effectiveness of the measurement and leads to the probe of the research limitations. Research Question The assessment of positive accounting research is the research question and whether any ideas or opinions is present through which the accountants, as well as an auditor can act. However, it is subjected to immense critics (Frankel et. al, 2002). The testing of the hypothesis is done by taking samples of chargeable audit fees against the audit complexity and the firm size. It is a form of quantitative research and tests the manner in which the fees of the audit has been charged, the plans are presented and utilization of the techniques of regression that plays a major part in the case of the hypothesis (Ashton et. al, 2004). This model is present to trace the Type I error. It needs to be noted that the analysis of critical evaluation ensures that the hypothesis, as well as testing, cannot be completely accurate. The goal of the hypothesis is to state that the null hypothesis is not correct because the results are linked to the sample. Hence, it is a clear-cut notion that testing of h ypothesis provides a weak proof when it comes to the hypothesis of alternative nature. Thereby, the hypothesis value is of not a big concern when it comes to the positive accounting research. From the total grasp of the material and the research, it can be commented that the main stress of the paper is on the positive accounting research. Moreover, the literature review attempts to find that whether the research is designed in a manner that will attempt to attain the aims and goals. Further, the research depends on a number of factors and models. Theoretical Framework There are rules and regulations to be followed in the practice of accountancy and auditing. These set of rules are called accounting standards, taxation and statutory requirements and adherence to these is essential for compliance. These are mandatory to be practiced and are put in place to create a uniform framework of workings and no significant things are left out. In spite of such clearly laid down rules and methods, auditors deviate from the requirements and these are formed as a basis of study to understand the reasons for such differences (Ashton et. al, 2004). There are various factors determining these differences in expected action human factors which lends it the rationality and independence of thought of each acting person. Errors and biases creep in as the marks of independence create a pattern and work with prejudices, even if hidden. Such tendencies can alter the planned course of action (Antle et. al, 2006). Such behaviors are a course material worth for the basis of this paper. Such behavior and human tendencies can be studied and investigated to so as not to impact the framework. We work with a hypothesis and take a sample size with the assumption that it represents the population. For this approach to work successfully, all diverse kinds of possibilities have to be listed down and after taking one item as a sample from each kind, the misinterpretation of the results can be ruled out one by one. Thus, this will avoid checking each and every variety and will give an overall cross-check between the different kinds of scenarios. In short, the cross-checks will be easier and less cumbersome. However still, using one method does not guarantee a perfect result as each statistical method is laden with its own limitation and qualitative testing is usually not carried out. Also, a hypothesis will consider usually one condition whereas an audit will have more than variables to be tested. An audit looks simple but consists of many variables that play an important role (Dunmore, 2009). Hence, occur a point of an issue because hypothesis considers only a single variable. Therefore, the research gets distorted. Significance and Limitations of the Article The article has opened up the topics of discussion pertaining to the felt and experienced loopholes in the system at present. The current system, though not effective has invited further discussion and moved further discussion in this direction (Dunmore, 2009). Such research is a necessity to pave the way for further improvements in the system. As the research was done by (Humphrey, 2008), the results shows that human behavior is usually rational and tries to maximize the benefits of a situation. The scientific mind come through with the actions of humans being rational laced with rationality and scientific judgment before a significant decision. As with everything, this paper has its limitations. Firstly, the paper has mostly focused on the critical part of the thesis and would do better to provide more suggestions along with examples to give more credibility to the research. The article innocently takes the existing theories to be true and applies these theories though in reality these theories have evolved over a period of time and have not been tested since then. Such advancements are a proof that development has been happening in this field. Moreover, advancement is the need of the hour because if the limitations need to be removed it can be done so by enhancing the level of research and study (Lapsley, 2012). Different statistics measures will present different results and accounting being subjects with a number of variables and limitations, the measurement errors should be kept in mind. Picking up a good representation of samples is important as it should present a wholesome picture as much as possible of the entire population. Still, judging an entire population from a sample presents its own limitations and the pitfalls should be taken cognizance of before analyzing the results (Carol et. al, 2016). This is one of the major pitfalls that need to be considered because sample might not reveal the true nature of the populations and the information. Conclusion We have understood from this study that the pace of current accounting research is not enough and has not yet been achieving the aim of conducting it. A more robust and systematic method with methodical approach needs to be undertaken. Vulnerable models and analytical modeling is the way forward with more stringent testing and re-testing that can achieve by replication and can provide various positive results for accounting research. The limitations and constraints of this field can be utilized for the benefit of the field and the opportunities arising from the research can be used for creating a more robust and theoretically sound framework. Over a period of time, such new techniques increase the credibility and validity of the research to be able to adapt more freely to new situations. Thus this phenomenon of positive accounting research will have to keep moving forward. References Antle, R., Gordon, E., Narayanamoorthy, G., Zhou, L 2006, The joint de-termination of audit fees, non-audit fees, and abnormal accruals, Review of Quantitative Finance Accounting vol. 27, no. 3, pp. 235-266. Ashton, D., Dunmore, P., Tippett, M 2004, Double-entry bookkeeping and the distributional properties of a financial ratio, Journal of Business Finance and Accounting vol. 31, no. 6, pp. 583-606. Carol, A.A, Brad, P, Prakash J. S, Jodi Y 2016, Exploring the implications of integrated reporting for social investment (disclosures), The British Accounting Review, vol. 48, no. 3, pp. 283296 Dunmore, P.V 2009, Half a Defence of Positive Accounting Research, Massey University, Wellington, New Zealand Fogarty, T. J Markarian, G 2007, An empirical assessment of the rise and fall of accounting as an academic discipline, Issues in Accounting Education vol. 22, no. 2, pp. 137- 161. Francis, J. R 2006, Are auditors compromised by audit services? Assessing the evidence, Contemporary Accounting Research vol. 23, no. 3, pp. 747- 760. Frankel, R. M., Johnson, M. F., Nelson, K. K 2002, The relation between auditors' fees for non audit services and earnings management, Accounting Review vol. 77, no. 4, pp. 71. Hill/Irwin, University Press. Hopwood, A.G 2007, Whither Accounting Research?, The Accounting Review, vol. 82, no. 5, pp. 1365 1374 Lapsley, I. 2012, Commentary: Financial Accountability Management, Qualitative Research in Accounting Management, vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 291-292.

Introduction The Allied Invasion Of France On June 6, 1944 Is Variousl

Introduction The Allied invasion of France on June 6, 1944 is variously known as D-Day, the Longest Day, Cross-Channel Attack, and probably some others as well. It was the largest single military operation of World War II. Hence, the Normandy beaches are a must stop if you get anywhere close to France. The 50th anniversary celebration in 1994 generated a lot of hype. The recent movie Saving Private Ryan rekindled that interest. However, the landing always held a special niche going back to the event itself. Much like Gettysburg, the Normandy attack has been studied in great detail -- hour by hour, person by person, shot by shot. We'll assume a flight landing in Paris and getting a rental car (a must) at the airport. Then you would drive over to Caen (about a 150 miles) and spend the night, which would put you at the east end of the beaches the next morning. This book by Bruce Bilven, Jr., is a historical documentation of D-Day, June 6, 1944. The book itself contains a lot of dates, n ames and places, which makes it a tough book to follow. Bruce Bilven Jr., himself took part in the massive D-Day invasion of Omaha Beach, as a second Lieutenant in the 29th Division Artillery. Drawing on his own experiances as a solider in World War II, he wrote two other Landmark Books about the war; From Casablanca to Berlin and From Pearl Harbor to Okinawa. Since the war he has written The American Revolution as well as many other books articles, and reviews. He lives with his wife and co-author, Naomi, and his college-age son in New York City. Summary Strategy D-Day began with the concept of the Second Front. When Stalin's Russia was invaded in 1941, he immediately demanded that his new allies attack Hitler to take off the pressure. No matter his past complicity. Churchill and Roosevelt replied with the invasion of North Africa in November 1942 and Italy in 1943. Chief of staff George C. Marshall considered these sideshows draining away troops and time. The real war, argued Mars hall, was to be a direct advance on Germany through France. Even as the sideshows proceeded, three other campaigns were under way -- the war against the German submarines, the US-British strategic bombing offensive against Germany, and the logistical buildup in Britain. The submarine conflict was a precondition for the bombing and the buildup. The Allies were fortunate that Hitler was had no interest in naval warfare. By 1943 the Allies had mastered the North Atlantic. The bombing offensive established control of the skies, which was another precondition for the invasion. The actual effect on German industrial production is still controversial, but there's no doubt that the bombing drained away German air resources that might have shown up over Normandy beaches in 1944. At the same time, the bombing forced the Germans to rationalize certain production techniques. The result, ironically, was the military production increased during the bombing offensive. British and American officers drew up plans for several contingencies in 1943. Operation OVERLORD was a large-scale assault against the German Army in France. This plan served as the basis for a final plan developed early in 1944 after General Eisenhower, designated as the supreme commander, arrived in Britain and established his command, Supreme Headquarters, Allied Expeditionary Force, or SHAEF. The overlooked question about D-Day is why it didn't happen in 1943. The Germans were greatly weakened after defeats at Stalingrad and North Africa in 1942. The French resistance was at its most effective. Instead, the British and Americans squabbled about how to proceed, and the delay meant that, in effect, nothing happened in 1943. It's one of the most interesting What If's of World War II. The over-all ground commander for the invasion was the former head of the British Eighth Army, General Montgomery, who also commanded the 21 Army Group, the controlling headquarters for the two Allied armies scheduled to make the invasion. The British were to assault on the left; the Americans on the right. This alignment explains why during the Cold War the weakened Brits defended the North German plain (on the left), while the much stronger American forces in

Did Your SAT Score Go Down Whats a Normal Drop and Whats Not

Did Your SAT Score Go Down What's a Normal Drop and What's Not SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Trying to figure out why your SAT score went down on a retake? Or are you just wondering how much an SAT score can drop if you retake the test? Find out the likelihood of an SAT score decrease, how much your SAT score could decrease by, and how to make sure your score goes up, not down. Also, learn how to compare a score from the Old SAT (which was scored out of 2400) with a current SAT score (which is out of 1600) to see if your score decreased in the transition. How Likely Is an SAT Score Drop? College Board released data specifically on juniors who retook the old version of the SAT as seniors – so if you’re younger this might not apply exactly to you, though you can expect the same general principles to hold. According to that data on SAT retakes: 55 percent of juniors taking the test improved their scores as seniors 35 percent had score drops 10 percent had no change So while we don't have any data yet about the New SAT, it's important to keep this information from the old SAT in mind. Basically, the higher a student's scores were as a junior, the more likely it was that the student's subsequent scores would drop. The lower the initial scores, the more likely it was that the scores will go up. On average, juniors repeating the SAT as seniors improved their combined Critical Reading, Mathematics, and Writing scores by approximately 40 points. About 1 in 25 gained 100 or more points on Critical Reading or Mathematics, and about 1 in 90 lost 100 or more points. So the odds are if you retake the SAT, your score will increase – just over half of these students had a score increase. But this increase isn't huge, just 40 composite points. Plus, it’s also not unlikely that your score will either stay the same or drop (45% of retakes in College Board’s study). It’s unlikely you’ll lose more than 100 points on one section – meaning a 200 point decrease is about the max you should expect, and anything larger is cause for serious concern. Be Careful if You Start Out With a Higher Score (680+) According to this table from College Board, if you initially earned a section score of 680 or higher, you're the most likely to lose points on an SAT retake. The Writing section has the biggest average drop, of 15 points. The average drop in Critical Reading is 4 points, and there is actually an average gain in Math of 4 points. However, looking at the breakdown of score increases and decreases, students who scored 680 or higher the first time are the most likely to see SAT point decreases of 20 to 40 or even 50 to 70 points. So if your section scores are 680 or higher, since you’re in the category most likely to see a score decrease, you should be very careful when studying for your retake. Did My Score Drop Between the Old and New SAT? If you took the Old SAT and the current SAT, it can be hard to interpret and compare your two scores. As a brief refresher, the Old SAT had three sections (Critical Reading, Math, and Writing) each worth 800 points, for a total of 2400 possible points. The current SAT has two sections, Math and Evidence-Based Reading and Writing. Each section is worth 800 points for a total of 1600 possible points. (Get a complete guide to SAT scoring right here.)Let's take an example. Say you took the old SAT in January 2016 and got the following scores:Critical Reading: 640Math: 620Writing: 680Total Composite: 1940You decide to retake the SAT. On the current SAT, you get the following scores:Evidence-Based Reading and Writing (EBRW): 660Math: 740Total Composite: 1400Just eyeballing it, it's clear that your Math performance went way up between the two tests. After all, 740 is much higher than 620! But comparing the other sections is a bit murkier. Your EBRW score of 660 is higher than your old SAT C ritical Reading performance but lower than your old SAT Writing performance. So which test did you do best on? How does a 1940 out of 2400 compare to a 1400 out of 1600? Using our New SAT Score conversion chart, we can get an idea.Based on these estimates, a 1940 old SAT score would map to a 1360current SAT score. Meanwhile, a 1400 current SAT score would map to a 2060 old SAT score. So it turns out the new SAT score is stronger than the old one.If you're comparing an old SAT score with a current score, compare the individual section scores Math with Math and Critical Reading/Writing with Evidence-Based Reading and Writing. But also use the conversion chart to compare your final composite scores.To take another example, if you got a 2000 on the old SAT and a 1200 on the current SAT, your score would have actually gone down in the transition. (A 2000 composite maps to a 1430 current SAT score, while a 1200 maps to just an 1660 on the old SAT.) So make sure to use the conversion chart to compare your performance on the two tests! Why Would My Score Decrease? We’ll separate this discussion into smaller score drops (up to 100 points off your composite) and larger drops. Essentially, the bigger the score drop, the more serious the issue you have to address. We'll discuss what could have gone wrong on your retake, and how to make sure a subsequent SAT retake goes better. Statistically Likely Drops (Up to 100 Points Down) The first thing to consider, even though it may seem counterintuitive, is that maybe you did better than expected the first time you took the SAT. Maybe you had particularly good luck and guessed correctly on lots of questions, or you connected better with the Reading passages. So your lower SAT retake score, rather than being a sign that you got worse, could just be a correction to your surprisingly high first time score. However, it’s also possible you had decent luck the first time but bad luck on your retake. For example, if you earned 50 raw points on Math last time for a score of 700, but ran out of time and missed six more Math questions the second time, your raw score of 44 would get you a 650 – a 50-point drop. In other words, missing just six questions can translate to a 50-point section drop. Even small score changes can have a large effect on your final composite. This can easily happen if you face a tough Reading passage you don’t vibe with or a few tougher math questions. How unlucky you get is also affected by how long you studied for your retake – the less time you put in, the more likely it is you’ll make the same mistakes and additionally be open to bad luck. Or you may forget about mistakes you are prone to making. Also, how did you study? If you didn’t include enough strictly-timed test practice, you could have struggled with timing on your retake, which leads to point drops. Plus, if you spent all your time studying for your worst section, you may see score drops on the other one, leading to an overall composite drop. Putting in a bunch of time to improve a low Math score won't help your overall composite if your EBRW score is much lower the second time. Also, did your test center have problems? Not getting the proper amount of time on a few sections or dealing with noise or uncomfortable temperature can affect your score (learn how to report a test center here). Finally, the reason could have been more personal – maybe you slept less before your SAT retake or weren’t feeling well that day. Whatever the case, you should try and figure out what could have gone wrong for you if you’re thinking about retaking the SAT for a third time. Large Drops (Between 100 and 200 Points Down) If your composite drops by this much, you likely have a more serious problem you should identify. It could be you’re using a new strategy that doesn’t work for you, especially if the point drop came mainly from one section. For example, did you try going straight to the questions on the Reading section rather than reading the passage first, or plugging in answers for Math instead of solving with algebra? A strategy that works for one student could cause another to waste time and lose points. (This is why we recommend doing a ton of practice problems as part of your SAT study regimen: so you can try out different strategies and find what works for you.) If the point drops were spread out between the two sections, it could be your guessing strategy and/or timing were worse this time around. Or maybe your testing conditions were markedly worse this time – again, read about possible test center violations here. Or perhaps you were feeling particularly stressed, sick, or nervous on your retake. In short, something happened to affect your overall test performance. You should work on identifying what you think went wrong before retaking the SAT again (if you decide to) if you saw a point drop this large. Very Large Drops (200 Points or More) From the data above, only 1 in 90 students will see a score decrease this dramatic. In other words, something is very seriously going wrong for you – whether it’s your test strategy, a bad test center, or maybe even a mis-scoring. If your SAT score is in free fall, you have a serious problem... If you saw the score drop on just one section – say your Math score fell from 660 to 460 – that’s a huge red flag. You may have tried out a new strategy on that section that was very ineffective. But it’s more likely that you might have messed up filling in your answers – maybe you got off by one line when bubbling in, for example. This could cause you to get a ton of questions wrong, resulting in an enormous score drop. If the score drop was spread between sections – roughly a 100-point drop in each – that speaks to a test-wide problem. Maybe you struggled with timing, used an ineffective guessing strategy, or were feeling unwell on test day. Or maybe your test center was particularly bad this time around. You need to figure out what went wrong so that if you do attempt to retake the SAT again, you can increase your odds of getting a better score. Finally, consider College Board’s Score Verification program if you saw a huge score drop on an SAT retake but can’t figure out what could have caused it. You’ll have to pay extra for the service, but the amount will be refunded if College Board did in fact mis-score your test. So definitely consider this option if you think your test was mis-scored. How to Prevent an SAT Score Decrease We've discussed why an SAT score can drop on a retake. But how can you make sure that your SAT score goes up if you retake the test? Follow our advice below to make sure your retake is successful. 1. Focus on Your Weak Points One benefit of retaking the SAT is that you can use your score report from the first time around to analyze your weak spots. You want to make sure you get the points you missed the first time around when you retake the SAT, so spend some time analyzing your first score report. To take an example, if your Math score was a 650 the first time, and your goal is to get 700 or higher on your retake, look closely at your score report. The SAT score report not only gives your final composite score, it breaks down how many questions you got correct and incorrect and in what areas. For example, you'll be able to see if you missed more Math questions in Heart of Algebra or Passport to Advanced Math. Based on that knowledge, work on filling the knowledge gaps that prevented you from getting a higher score. The more point gains you can make, the less likely your score will decrease on a retake. So what can you do to improve a low section score? Check out these section-by-section guides: SAT Reading The Ultimate Study Guide for SAT Reading How to Stop Running Out of Time on SAT Reading SAT Math The Best SAT Math Prep Books Browse Math Help by Topic: Statistics, Fractions, and More SAT Writing The Complete Prep Guide for SAT Writing The Best SAT Writing Prep Books 2. Don’t Neglect Your Strong Areas Even though it’s important to improve your weak points, don’t ignore the parts of the SAT you think you have in the bag. It’s not unlikely that your highest section score could drop if you don’t study for it. Especially if you did fairly well on your first SAT (680 or higher on any section), it’s pretty likely you will see some score decreases the second time around. So you need to be practicing for the entire test to prevent your overall SAT composite from dropping. To continue our example, even if you get your Math score up to 700, if your EBRW score drops by 50 points (which is a statistically likely drop), your composite won’t improve. Or it could drop! So how do you practice for the entire test? Make sure you’re familiar with SAT timing and SAT scoring so you know how much time you can spend per question, and the raw points you need on each section to reach your score goal. Also, make taking full, strictly-timed practice tests a regular part of your study routine. Which brings us to the third point... 3. Practice, Practice, Practice Don’t underestimate your second try at the SAT! Even though you’ve taken (and studied) for the test once before, you’ll need to keep working hard if you want to earn a higher score on your retake. Getting lots of SAT practice in will reduce the score variation caused by harder/easier test questions or good/bad luck on test day. Time yourself carefully whenever you take practice SAT sections (or full practice exams). Set target raw scores for each section and keep practicing until you hit them consistently. Also, be ruthless about analyzing your mistakes. Don’t just grade practice problems quickly and then move on. Figure out why you got a question wrong and what you can do to make sure you never get it wrong again. (For more on analyzing your wrong answers, I highly recommend Allen Cheng's guide to getting a perfect SAT score.) 4. Don't Forget Logistics Finally, you should make sure outside factors don’t mess with your SAT retake score. Even if you study effectively, a bad test center or lack of sleep could hurt your score. Make sure you’re using the best test center for you. Also be sure that you’re getting enough sleep and following the guidelines to be ready the morning of the test. Last-minute cramming the night before the SAT won’t improve your score! Finally, give yourself enough time before a retake – if you retake the SAT on the next possible test date, you might not give yourself enough time to practice and improve. Consider giving yourself between two to four months to study for your retake to ensure your score will go up. What’s Next? Check out SAT tips from our resident full-scorer. If you follow these guidelines, even if you’re not going for a 2400, your score will almost certainly increase. Learn more about how the SAT is scored to know how many questions you need to get correct for a score increase. Also read more about SAT timing to make sure your pacing is fast enough. Want some more motivation for studying for an SAT retake? Read about SAT scores for the Ivy League and scholarships you can earn for high SAT scores. Do you have a hard time sticking to your SAT study plan? Learn how to beat procrastination once and for all! Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points?We have the industry's leading SAT prep program. Built by Harvard grads and SAT full scorers, the program learns your strengths and weaknesses through advanced statistics, then customizes your prep program to you so you get the most effective prep possible. Check out our 5-day free trial today: Have friends who also need help with test prep? Share this article! Tweet Halle Edwards About the Author Halle Edwards graduated from Stanford University with honors. In high school, she earned 99th percentile ACT scores as well as 99th percentile scores on SAT subject tests. She also took nine AP classes, earning a perfect score of 5 on seven AP tests. As a graduate of a large public high school who tackled the college admission process largely on her own, she is passionate about helping high school students from different backgrounds get the knowledge they need to be successful in the college admissions process. Get Free Guides to Boost Your SAT/ACT Get FREE EXCLUSIVE insider tips on how to ACE THE SAT/ACT. 100% Privacy. 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Reconstructing gender Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Reconstructing gender - Essay Example The gulf found between men and women emanates from nature rather than nurture. As such, the two sexes covey their messages differently because of how their brains are made up, and women are often better communicators. The male brain excels in doing mathematical and visual spatial tasks whereas the female brain is better suited at doing verbal tasks. These glaring differences lead to miscommunication at times between the two sexes. However, the diversity existing between males and females enables them to co-exist together amiably. In her article, Ayana discusses the representation or depiction of females in hip hop videos. Her article made me comprehend more about the issues being articulated by feminists in regard to hip hop music videos. After reading the article, I agree with her main points. In her article, Ayana asserts the feminist tone by critiquing hip hop videos. Her main area of focus is hip hop’s gender and sexual depiction of women. Her primary critique comes from the fact that women are depicted as sex objects in most hip hop videos. For example, Ayana points out that in parties, women are mostly scantily dressed while men are fully dressed. This depiction belittles women hence portrays them as just sexual

Genre Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Genre Analysis - Essay Example Despite this however, the ultimate goal of all the reviews is directed to the customer. Other reviews are focused on the competitors of a particular commodity. For instance, in the electronics manufacturing industry, there are many companies which are involved in the manufacture of laptops and notebooks. All these compete for the same market share and the same customers. In order to win then trust of customers and win superiority in the battle for market share, companies can do anything including bribery of the review corporates and personnel to favour them in their columns. Reviews that are focused on the competitors are meant to show the level of success of a particular company and how best it has prospered in its innovation department, research and development activities. This is an enticing element for loyal customers of other brands. Business is business, and marketers, Chief Executives and management of all the companies are ready to do anything to increase the volumes of their sales. What makes the difference is how strict the company is while following the ethics of doing business. Apple Company which manufactures notebooks, laptops and iPads faces competition from other manufacturers such as, Harriett Packer Company which is a major manufacture of laptops, desktops and smartphones, Acer, Dell, Toshiba, Samsung, IBM, and Siemens among others. For apple to win competition in such a highly competitive market, it has to device many ways of winning in their competition. Free markets are faced by this problem as they desperately seek to find a way of marketing their products. When reviews are meant to help a company to make a sale or improve on its sales volume, they are mostly biased and do not portray the actual truth about the product. Such reviews are meant to attract customers to buy that product from the retailers and thus creating marketing opportunities for the company. Mostly, such companies pay product reviewers to come up with a review that favour s their company and products. As a result, people are led to believe that a particular review is genuine and actually portrays the actual condition and status of the products which is contrary to the reality. Such reviews include those that have a rating that is based on just a theoretical analysis with minimal tests. Such mischiefs by companies have increasingly rendered the reviews of products almost insignificant to the people. Whether used as a marketing tool or for generous reasons, reviews are now being viewed with scepticism by the people. Moreover, people rarely believe in the information provided by the reviews, a reason why most people opt to stick to the most popular and trusted brands. Most reviews cover the prices of the product, general performance and reliability, its improvement in case it is a series of production, features of the product and the availability. Moreover, others compare a particular product with that of other companies. In the â€Å"apple MacBook Pro with Retina Display† review by Cnet, the author takes a survey of various elements and features of the computer that are either appealing or annoying about the computer. Customers are mostly concerned with the reasons as to why the computer was awarded a rating of out of five by the editor, subsequently

Incident Response, Business Continuity and Disaster Recovery Plans Case Study

Incident Response, Business Continuity and Disaster Recovery Plans - Case Study Example In addition, it is also compulsory to identify assets that may not limit to employees, information, hardware/network devices, financials, legal counsel, security and locations for facilitating BCP. The BCP increases the image of an organization among the employees, shareholders and consumers through representing a positive approach. Importantly, an effective BCP recognizes the link between human and assets. 15 Organizations are always at probable catastrophe for instances tornadoes, floods, blizzards, earthquakes and fire mishaps. However these are known natural disasters but other risks include power and energy distractions, sabotage, cyber assaults, hackers, infrastructure, transportation and security failure. Moreover, ecological disasters for example pollution and harmful materials spills are also a possible risk for organizations. Therefore, generating BCP ensures any organization is able to resolve any of the above crises. 16 The data related to the services or the goods that need to be delivered can be obtained through the mission statement of the organization. Moreover, the legal and delivering specifications of the products or the services can also be achieved via mission statement. The objective of the IT department states mission-critical functions and services for the organization. (this is my own constructed mission statement) 16 As the I.T department has not implemented a risk management and I.T service management framework, we were not able to find the required answers. (I have assumed these requirements, as there is no case study) 17 The additional expenses must be determined if the functions or procedures related to the business are untreatable. Moreover, this should also be taken into consideration that for the duration of time the functions can be operated without the hiring of additional staff. Similarly, the government regulations  regarding the fines, penalties, breaches must be determined and factored into the BCP budget. Risk management framework address risks that can be mitigated, transferred, void or accepted.

Managing Human Capital Collective Bargaining External Factors

Managing Human Capital Collective Bargaining External Factors Introduction:- HRM is very important for every organization. The function of HRM is to cover the several elements like inside and outside of the organization. The HR managers very carefully pay attention on the external environment, because external environment also significantly affect the human resource practices, planning and polices, due to this reason human resource managers are busy for scanning and analysing the external environment, after analysing and scanning the external environment factors the role of human resource managers are to balance these external factors very efficiently with the internal factors to achieve the goals of the organization. Definition:- The HRM involves in four different functions lead, organize, plan and control, such kinds of function may affect the business environment internally and externally. The main external environmental factors which affect the business are economical, technological, political and sociological (Montana charnov, 2000) Technological:- Technology is one of the most dramatic external environmental factor. It changes very quickly. If market changes it overnight the management keep the organization position in flexible and adopt new technology or change in technology for the organization objective. (Karger, 1991) Technology is the external factors. This factor also affect the human resource practices, planning and policy, because in this modern age without technology the organization cannot achieve its strategic goals. In order to develop new products to remain in the competitive, technology is very helpful by using the technology the HRM and organization can store the unlimited data. Role of HRM in Technological:- The human resource managers play very vital role for the implementation of the technology in an organization. The implementation of technology means change in an organization as well as polices. They call the meeting of the employees and tell them about the technology as well as human resource managers also provide training to the employees about the technology which they implement in an organization. The successful HRM in an organization identify and take action when the change in technology. The very essential role of HRM when change in technology they also help to the line manager and give the proper training to the line managers regarding the new technology as well as they also tell that how the line manager will train the new employees and also ensure that new employees have right technological skills. Political Factor:- Political/Governmental factors are also external factors. These factors change when the Government change. The political factors are like trade regulation, minimum wage, tax policies etc. The HRM is bound to adopt this external environment factor. Role of HRM in Political/Government Legislation:- The major role of HRM when any change in political factors, they adopt the political factors and must follow the political factor as above we discussed the some political factors like minimum wage, new legislation etc. The essential role of HRM in any organization in UK that they are bound to give minimum wage to their employees as well as implement the new legislation which the Government settled as well as HRM must follow the laws, rules and regulation when they are recruiting or terminating the employees. The managers also predict that what are the major political changes are coming in the countries, because any change come in this external environment factors it also disturb the human resource manager planning and polices. The political factor is also called the Government Issue/legislation. Economic Factor:- The one of the most important external environment factors is economic factor. This factor affect very effectively to the country as well as the organization, in general this factor includes interest rate, inflation and unemployment. The organization cannot control such kinds of factors. Role of HRM change in Economic Factor:- The main role of HRM when any change comes in economy they take action as soon as possible if the economic factors is not good for the organization the human resource manager take the step of downsizing in staff as well as stop the new recruitment for manage the organization financial stability and stabilize the organization in the economic crisis. When the economic condition of the organization is good the role of human resource managers is totally different they recruit the staff train the staff for achieving the strategic goals of the organization. Socio-Cultural Factor:- The socio-cultural is an external environmental factor. In general environment this is very vital element. The socio-cultural includes social classes, reference groups, language, population, lifestyle, pressure groups, the above mentioned elements directly affect the organization. Role of HRM change in Socio-cultural Factor:- Human resource managers must change their actions according to the desire of the society in which they work with the change of social and customs values and the change in taste human managers need to adopt change as well, for instance the HRM provides good working environment, flexible working hours and children care facility to their employees. Examples of External Factors:- Pizza Hut:- Technology is very important for every organization when any change come in technology the role of every human resource manager is same like the role of Pizza hut human resource manager. When change in technology the role of Pizza hut HRM was they put the organization in to flexible position and adopted the new computer technology and they trained their staff according to the new computer technology, like online ordering, mobile portable card machines. This was the external change which the Pizza hut HRM implemented. (Interview) Iris Trading Company:- When the economy of Pakistan went down the organization economy of Pakistan also went down the iris trading company human resource manager took the step of downsizing to save the organization they stopped the new recruitment and cut off the employees to give them the lump sum amount or golden hand shake before the retirement of the age. (Personal Experience) Tesco:- The British Government introduced the legislation that no company will sell the cigarette to underage. Role of Tesco human resource management they implemented this law in to the organization as well as train their staff according to this Government legislation and Tesco HRM also pay to their employee above the minimum pay per hour which the British Government has settled. (Interview) Primark:- When any change comes in socio-cultural the role of Primark HR is they judge the people attitudes their culture, life style, language and area then recruit the staff regarding the people life style, culture and language in the particular area, which is very beneficial for the customers as well as to the organization to attract the customers. (Interview) Benefits of External Environmental Factors:- As the above discussion there are four external environmental factors which especially influence in every organization as well as their HR department. These four factors are economic, technological, socio-cultural and political. The main advantage of latest technology is HR can easily perform their functions very efficiently, with the help of technology the HR can reduce the cost of employee and provide better result to the organization. If any change comes in economy factor it is also very good for HR the main advantage of economy factor is HR can recruit the staff to achieve the strategic goals of the organization which are very beneficial for the organization as well as if any change also occur in political and socio-cultural this change also give advantages to the human resource managers. if any change in socio-cultural it good for HR to understand the people thinking their life style and the nature of people with the help of this HR may recruit the staff according to the socio-c ultural environment which is good for the organization as well as any change in political give advantage to the HR easily implement the Government polices without any confliction between the HR and the employees. (Robert L. Mathis, 2007) Drawback of External Factors:- Every factor has advantage and disadvantage if any change comes in technological factors it is very difficult for HR to replace the old technology with new once, because this thing affect the HR polices and planning as well as HR managers are addict to use the old technology when they adopt the new technology they will spend more money on technology as well as the staff training which is not good for the organization, same as if change in economy factor then there is also a big cons for HR they will recruit the staff spend money on the training of staff as well as to cut off the staff both condition are unfavourable for the HR planning. The major disadvantage for HRM is when change in political change in this change HRM bound to implement this change within the organization. This external environmental badly affect he HR polices and planning. (Robert L. Mathis, 2007) HRM Practices to Gain the Sustainable Competitive Advantage:- Definition:- Sustainable competitive advantage is the unique position that an organization develops in relation to competitors that allows it to outperform them consistently (Hofer and Schendel, 1978) HRM Practices:- Many organizations use their HR to gain the sustainable competitive advantage, because HR plays very vital role in the hiring of staff. HR practices, theoretically, have little potential for being a source of sustained competitive avantage (Wright et al, 1994) Pfeffer in 1994 has described 16 HR practices that HRM may gain the sustainable competitive advantage through employees as well. But we are discussing 5 more effective practices of HRM for gaining the continuously competitive advantage which are given below. Team Job redesign Staffing, Including recruitment Appraising/Performance Incentive Pay Training and Development Employment Security Participation and Empowerment Long Term Perspective Employee Owner Ship Wage Compression Measurement of Practices Cross Training Cross Utilization Promotion Overarching Philosophy Symbolic Egalitarianism Information Sharing Team Job redesign: The role of HR in any organization is very important to achieve the sustainable competitive advantage as well as to achieve the strategic goals of the organization. The HR departments of big organizations make the team and give them the task regarding the strategic planning of the organization as well as HR is also design the job for the team. The team work in any organization is very helpful to gain the sustainable competitive advantage. Apple:- Apple is a company deal in electronic like IPHONE, IPAD, and APPLE MAC etc. The HR department of apple is very helpful for the success of apple products, because the HR of apple keep the people in to teams and design the jobs for them round about 10 thousand peoples are working on apple applications, due to this reason no one can steal or copy the apple applications as well as day by day apple is introducing new products in the market which are such a outstanding as well as apple is gaining with the help of this hr practice sustainable competitive advantage. Staffing, Including Recruitment: The one more important HR practices to gain the continuously competitive advantage is staffing, including recruitment, because very important asset for the organization and HR is staff. HR practices include to motivate the staff motivated staff means more productivity for the organization. If the organization needs more staff the HR recruit the excellent and efficient staff train the staff regarding the job and design the job and also motivate new staff, however productive staff is very helpful to gain the sustainable competitive advantage. 2) Toyota:- According to M. Reza Vaghefi Toyota is achieving the sustainable competitive advantage with the help of human resource, because they told that human resource recruit very competitive staff and give them proper training according to the company desires so M. Reza also include Toyota employees are very productive and motivated, due to this reason Toyota today Toyota is gaining continuously competitive advantage in the market. (sysdoc.doors.ch/TOYOTA) Appraising/Performance: HR practices always have link with the strategic of the organization. This HR practice is very essential to check the performance of the whole organization employees, because if the mangers as well as the employees performance are good then the organization is able to achieve the sustainable competitive advantage, however HR use the method of appraising to check the performance of individual employees. Now a days many organizations check the performances of their employees through 360 degree appraising method. To gain the continuously competitive advantage this appraising/performance HR practice very important for any organization. Primark:- The HRM of Primark checks the performance of their employees through 360 degree appraising method once in a year. This HR practice is very beneficial for the company because day by day Primark getting more and more profit as well as Primark has been nominated two time retailer of the Year Award at the World Retail Awards in 2008 and 2009. So we can say that appraising is very important practice of HR to achieve the sustainable competitive advantage. (Interview) Sainsburys:- Sainsburys deals in all kind of food, HR of Sainsburys use the 360 degree appraising method to check the performance of the employees. The sustainable competitive advantage is also depending on the performance of the employees. (Interview) Incentive Pay: Incentive pay also includes the HR practice this practice is very essential to motivate the staff, because motivated staff is a key of success as well as to achieve the sustainable competitive advantage to the organization. We can also say that it is a pay of performance. After checking the performance of the employees the organization HR gives pay of performance to them who performed very productivity to gain the sustainable competitive advantage as well as the strategic goals of the organization. The incentive pay could be in the form of bonuses, share, debenture etc. Tesco:- Tesco is the world 3rd largest retail company in the retail chain. The HR of tesco plays very vital role to achieve the strategic goals of the organization as well as to remain the tesco in the sustainable competitive advantage. Tesco HR gives the incentive pay to their staff after check the performance in the form of share and bonuses. (Interview) Training and Development: The main practice of HR is training and development of employees. Training is very important and vital for the employees because with the help of training HR tell to the employee regarding the job task etc. Training give the idea to the employee that when to do, how to do, a trained employee can perform their duty very efficiently which is very beneficial for the organization to achieve the strategic and continuously competitive advantage. This is possible with the help of HR training practice. Asda:- Asda is the American company but established in Britain. The HR of Asda is playing very essential role for the Asda to gain the sustainable competitive advantage in the UK as well as company strategic goals. The main role of HR in Asda is to train the staff according to the job. Asda has multi skills staffs. They can work anywhere, any place in the store. This is very helpful for Asda to reduce the staff cost as well as to achieve the competitive advantage. (Interview) Conclusion:- As the above discussion the role of HRM is very prominent when any changing in the external environmental factors. HRM try to adjust these factors with the internal factors and try that these factors does not affect the organization internal environment as well as today HR practices are very important for every organization to gain the sustainable competitive advantage, because HR plays very essential role in the hiring of the employees. If the employees of the organization are productive and innovative then the organization has sustainable competitive advantage, so the HR practices are the bon of the organization. B) Collective Bargaining:- Introduction:- Collective bargaining is a negotiation among the employees and employers it could be regarding wage, incentive, sack of the employees etc. The main purpose of collective bargaining is to remove the confliction or dispute among the employees and employers. In this bargaining employers on the one hand and employees on the other hand with their representative called union. In the collective bargaining union must has some collective interest since the negotiations which are the beneficial for the several employees as well as union charge their services from the employees. Union role is very vital in this negotiation, because union is representing the whole employees ideas, interest and their demand. Union do the bargain with the employer regarding new terms and condition of the employment. This negotiation and new agreement among the employers and employees is called collective bargaining agreement. Research on Collective Bargaining:- The research which has been done on the collective bargaining for 50 years says that collective bargaining point outs the cost of people behaviour which is the more important as compare to benefits, while planning the national collective bargaining structure to compete in international market. Many countries are giving special consideration for the welfare of the employees. Definition of Collective Bargaining:- The collective bargaining is the procedure of negotiation among the employees, employers and union. This negotiation is regarding the working terms and conditions between employees and employers as well as removes the confliction between both parties (Clegg, 1976) Collective Bargaining:- Collective bargaining when the worker union negotiate with the employer regarding the terms and condition of the employee is called collective bargaining like holidays, working hours, job rotation, employment security, wage etc. Collective Bargaining Agreement:- This is an agreement which is done as a result of negotiation or collective bargaining among the workers, union and employers regarding the wages, is called collective bargaining. Mostly employees terms and condition brings change in this agreement. This agreement is very beneficial for employees rather than the employers. Compensation Packages/Collective Bargaining Issues:- According to Robert L. Mathis (2007) Most of the times compensation packages are negotiated through collective bargaining, this is also known as collective bargaining issues which are given below. Working Conditions Pay/Wages Job Security Hours Fee Collection Pension Suspension Overtime Grievance Procedures Bonus Evaluation Medical Leaves Shifts of Timing Basic Pay Recalls Maternity Leaves Relaxation Periods Insurance Dismissals Paternity Leaves Overtime Charges Promotion Regular working hours Allowances Seniority Holiday Pay Incentive/Pay Performance These are the compensation packages or collective bargaining issues which are mostly negotiated through collective bargaining agreement. Working of Collective Bargaining:- The working of collective bargaining means that employers and union should have to agree on an action plan of collective bargaining E.G. Who is a representative of employees for negotiation? How many time, when and which place both parties will meet up for bargaining/discussion If more than one union is involved then how dialogue will be take place. In the bargaining how many employees are involved Which terms and condition is debateable in the bargaining? The bargaining will take place in the organization or outside the organization. (direct.gov.uk) Collective Bargaining In Good Faith:- The procedure of collective bargaining should be decided by using the positive thinking and best efforts. Both parties talk get-together and should have to consider all the suggestion of each others. In the bargaining if there is any standstill or any other matters both parties should have to carry on the negotiation until they reach an agreement. Both parties should have to give respect to the representative. In the bargaining do not try to talk with the people who is behind the scene. In the bargaining do not deflate the representative this may cause of deterioration of bargaining process. Both parties do not spoil the agreement by crossing its clauses and provision to employees not covered by that agreement. There is an authentic reason for an agreement that must have not any excuse. ( Kiely Thompson,  2007) Advantage to workers:- Collective bargaining gives the high self-esteem as well as productivity to the employees. The management cannot take any illogical action against the workers because collective bargaining restricts the management autonomy. The employees of the organization can easily bargain with the top level of management for their benefits and interests. It also gives the job protection to the employees. Disadvantage to Employees:- If any employee is not the member of union he pays union services. Probably it makes the division between employees and the management/employer. Advantage to Employers:- Collective bargaining is very important for the employers as well, because through it they can easily resolve the problems of the workers instead of individuals. It opens the communication channel between the employees and employers and employees can contribute in decision making. It also plays very essential role to resolve the confliction in the organization. Disadvantage to Employers:- The employers cannot force the employees The management freedom is restricted. The involvement of external body In collective bargaining the employers accept all the demands from the employees. Individual Bargaining:- The concept of individual bargaining is between employee and employer no union involve in this bargaining, in the individual bargaining the employer take more potency rather than the collective bargaining. According to Flanders the individual bargain (agreement) between the employer and the employee, and which is given legal status in the form of an employment contract, provides for an exchange of work for money.(1986) Mostly the individual bargaining is based on when any new contract is take place between employer and employee this contract can be organization new terms and conditions, wages and job timing, eventually in individual bargaining mostly employer is on benefit side as compare to collective bargaining. Examples of collective bargaining and individual bargaining:- Pakistan Tele Communication Limited(PTCL):- In 2006 PTCL workers union which is also known as PTCL announced the strike, the strike is based on that PTCL is reducing the staff as well as not increasing the wage and not increasing the pensions. The PTCL union president Choudhry Manzoor came with three demand which we discussed above. But the management of PTCL denied the three demands but after 15 days both parties announced the content of deal, after this deal the president of PTCL union Choudhry Manzoor took the strike back. This deal is known as collective bargaining agreement between PTCL management and PTCL workers union. In this agreement management of PTCL accepted the three demands.( telecompk.net) British Telecom (BT):- In the British telecom there was confliction regarding the wage between the BT worker union (CWU) and the management of the BT. the confliction started when the BT CEO Ian Livingstons took triple bonus in current year 2010 because of company performance financial recovery. The increased in bonus from  £343000 to  £1.2 M in current year and the total salary of CEO is from  £1.2M to  £2.1M as well as 2% also increased in basic salary which is mentioned in the BT annual financial report. The BT union (CWU) demanded 5% increase in pay and BT management offered only 2%. When the negotiation was not going to success the CWU gave the call of strike. It was happen after 23 years. Both parties at 9th July 2010 through collective bargaining agreement settled the pay rise of 3% until 2013. When both parties announced the content of deal the BT share were rise up 3p or 1.9% which was very good sign for BT. (Lilly Vitorovich) Underground Tube:- The agreement has been done between bosses of rail and transport and RMT union recently, which was regarding the job security of the employees as well as the rising in pay. Everyone knows that maintenance work is going some underground lines. The worker whos doing maintenance work called strike for 2days started from 14th July 2010. The RMT union has suspended the strike after the negotiation both sides have been settled a new agreement of rise the pay 4.2% as well as the guarantee of the job protection. This new agreement is also known as collective bargaining agreement. (bbc.co.uk/news/10604873) Arriva Bus Drivers:- In north wale near to the Easter the arrive bus drivers called strike the strike reason was that they said that their colleagues whos are working in liver pool are getting  £1 more an hour rather than us so they called the strike on Easter and busy weekend. The unite union came as a representative of bus drivers and negotiated with the bosses of buses. The bosses of buses accepted the bus driver demand and both parties announced the content of deal is called collective bargaining agreement. Pakistan Ship Breaker Strike:- In the mid of June the 15000 ship breaker worker union which is known as Gadani ship breaking democratic workers union (GSBDWU) as well as affiliated with the national trade union federation (NTUF) announced the strike for 2days. The reason of strike was low wage, lack of working hours as well job protection. The negotiation is being held between the owner of the association and union. But the owner denied all the demands of the unions. The union once again called the strike on 5th July until our demand will not be accepted. The owner and union again negotiated. The owner accepted the whole demand and both parties are settled on an agreement. British Airways (B.A):- The confliction between cabin crew works union which is known as unite and B.A since last 14 months. The confliction between two parties started, when B.A cut off the cabin crew workers to reduce its expenditure. This situation was worst when B.A staff went on strike. The B.A took the disciplinary action as well as sacked the many workers whos are the member of unite union. B.A offered on 25th June 2010 was 2.9% rise next year and after year 3%. But the union did not accept this offer and also gave new date of strike which is in September 2010. Due to this reason B.A shares value day by day are going down in to the market. (bbc.co.uk/news/business-10695976) Iris Trading Company:- In April 2008 the iris trading company worker union which is name is PWU announced the strike. The reason for strike was very low wages and timing. 7% increase in basic salary of every worker. This was the demand from the union. The union announced strike for 4 days strike on 6th May 2008. The owner of the company Rizwan Hameed and PWU union leader Asif Ghori negotiated and settled the agreement of 5% rise of basic salary of every worker. After this agreement PWU union leader suspended the strike. (Personal Experience) Bangladesh River Worker:- At 16th May 2010, the Government Minster of Dhaka signed an agreement with the leader of union. After this agreement the union leader Ashikul Islam said call of the strike. The demand was from the union leader which the Government Minster agreed was remove all the criminal cases and realise the entire worker. Increase the pay scale 50% to 100%, bonuses for all workers, BOSS Plastic Company strike:- In Pakistan many companies do individual bargaining when we go for job regarding the pay, working hours, bonuses, holidays etc. BOSS is a company which make the plastic furniture. Every employee of BOSS has individual and separate agreement which is mostly done according to the owner desires. In this agreement no union is involved all the terms and conditions set the employers. The agreement which is done without the involvement of union is called individual bargaining agreement. BBC:- In April 2010 BBC offered increase in pay  £300 to the Bectu. The union of its IT worker welcome this offered and cancelled the industrial action (Karl Flinders, 2010) Royal Dutch Shell:- The steel worker united union said that they reached a tentative agreement with the Royal Dutch Shell, this move avert the possible strike and handle the U.S crude oil refining capacity. The union announced that new pack become standard wage, benefits for the workers and good working condition for all 3000 refinery workers whos are the member of union as well as working in U.S (Steve Gelsi, 2009) Royal Mail:- In March 2010 there is an agreement signed between Royal mail and its union worker to finish the long term conflict/ dispute which was job cut and over pay, regarding the new agreement there was rise 7% in the workers wage. Both parties are very happy on the deal. (Christopher Hope and Harry Wallop, 2010) Lindsey Oil Refinery (LOR):- There were dispute in Lindsey Oil Refinery and its worker after very lengthy negotiation. The LOR agreed to reinstatement of 650 worker sacked during the strike as well as the union also ensure that which took an industrial action LOR will not take any action against all those workers, (telegraph.co.uk) Agree or Disagree:- As the above examples it is very clear that when there was any confliction among the employers and employees then this dispute was solve with the help of collective bargaining, the reason of dispute among the employers and employees always in the term of increase in pay, sacking, employment security and incentive pay. The confliction among the employees and employers is not good for the organization economic and production condition, so collective bargaining agreement is very helpful to resolve the dispute and for the organization economy. Therefore we are not agree that the compensation packages negotiated through collective bargaining agr